Table 1

Summary of the failure causes and follow-up treatment of 19 children with unsuccessful ventricular septal defect closure

Failure causesPatients, n (%)Failure rate, n/N (%)Conversion to CPB surgeryMinimally invasive surgery
Occlusion device shedding or shifting6 (31.58)6/522 (1.15)
 Intraoperative shedding or shifting44*
 Postoperative delayed shifting22†
Failure of the guidewire (or the sheath) to pass through a small defect5 (26.32)5/522 (0.96)
 Failure of the guidewire to pass through a small defect44*
 Failure of the sheath to pass through a small defect11*
Device-related valve regurgitation4 (21.05)4/522 (0.77)
 Obvious aortic regurgitation22*
 Obvious tricuspid regurgitation22*
Significant residual shunt2 (10.53)2/522 (0.38)2*
Ventricular fibrillation during the operation1 (5.26)1/522 (0.19)1*
Continuous and sharp fall of blood pressure during the operation1 (5.26)1/522 (0.19)1
Total19 (100)19/522 (3.64)181

  • *Intraoperative conversion.

  • †Postoperative conversion.

  • CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; N, total patients (N=522).