Difference of Haller index in patients with different sex and outcomes (ED visit, readmission, refill of opioids)
| Variables | No. (%) of patients | Haller average (mean±SD) | P value |
| Treatment group | |||
| ESP | 19 (24) | 5.2±1.1 | 0.313 |
| TE | 41 (53) | 5.5±2.2 | |
| PCA | 18 (23) | 6.8±6.2 | |
| ED visit | |||
| Yes | 6 (8) | 6.0±1.8 | 0.828 |
| No | 72 (92) | 5.6±3.5 | |
| Readmission | |||
| Yes | 2 (3) | 6.6±0.8 | 0.536 |
| No | 76 (97) | 5.6±3.5 | |
| Refill | |||
| Yes | 20 (26) | 6.3±3.5 | 0.392 |
| No | 58 | 5.43±3.39 | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 67 (86) | 5.6±3.5 | 0.488 |
| Female | 11 (14) | 6.4±3.1 |
P values are obtained by Student’s t-test (two groups) or ANOVA analysis (three groups).
ANOVA, analysis of variance; ED, emergency department; ESP, erector spinae plane; PCA, patient-controlled analgesia; TE, thoracic epidural.