Demographic characteristics and outcomes among three groups who received erector spinae plane (ESP) block, thoracic epidural (TE), and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
| Variables | ESP block (n=19) | TE (n=41) | PCA (n=18) | P value |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 19 (100) | 33 (80) | 15 (83) | 0.122 |
| Female | 0 (0) | 8 (20) | 3 (17) | |
| Age* | 15.6±1.8 | 15.0±2.2 | 15.4±1.3 | 0.505 |
| Opioid use (MME)* | 66.9±48.8 | 117.0±81.1 | 172.1±103.9 | <0.001 |
| Length of stay* | 3.3±0.5 | 4.7±0.9 | 3.7±1.2 | <0.001 |
| Pain ratings (NPRS)* | 4.5±1.5 | 3.4±1.5 | 4.1±1.5 | 0.029 |
| ED visit, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.616 |
| No | 17 | 39 | 16 | |
| Readmission, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.563 |
| No | 19 | 40 | 17 | |
| Refill, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 5 | 11 | 5 | 0.995 |
| No | 14 | 30 | 13 |
P values are obtained by χ2 test or ANOVA analysis. For variables that are fewer than five patients in the subgroup, Fisher’s exact test was applied.
*Data were presented as mean±SD.
ED, emergency department; MME, morphine milligram equivalent; NPRS, Numeric Pain Rating Scale.