Demographic characteristics of patients without (−) and with (+) dystonia
| Characteristics | Patients without dystonia (n=23) | Patients with dystonia (n=114) | P value |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (y) | 14.7±4.1 | 15.2±4.4 | 0.6 |
| Year of ITB pump placement | 2015±1.9 | 2014±2.6 | 0.3 |
| Gender | 0.7 | ||
| Female | 48 | 52 | |
| Male | 52 | 48 | |
| Primary diagnosis | ＜0.001 | ||
| CP | 78 | 94 | |
| HSP | 9 | 0 | |
| SCI | 9 | 0 | |
| Genetic/other | 4 | 4 | |
| TBI | 0 | 3 | |
| Topographical distribution of CP | 0.02 | ||
| Quadriplegic | 61 | 86 | |
| N/A | 22 | 6 | |
| Diplegic | 9 | 4 | |
| Triplegic | 9 | 4 | |
| Imaging findings | 0.5 | ||
| PVL | 35 | 30 | |
| HIE/encephalomalacia | 17 | 33 | |
| Congenital malformation | 17 | 11 | |
| Unavailable | 9 | 7 | |
| Normal | 9 | 1 | |
| PVL+HIE | 4 | 8 | |
| Non-IVH hemorrhage | 4 | 3 | |
| TORCH/infection | 4 | 2 | |
| Cerebella atrophy | 0 | 2 | |
| NBIA | 0 | 2 | |
| TBI | 0 | 1 | |
| Tumor | 0 | 1 | |
| Kernicterus | 0 | 1 | |
| Microcephaly | 0 | 1 |
Age at time of placement and year of ITB placement are reported as mean±SD. The Student’s t-test was used to estimate statistical significance for age and year of ITB pump placement. Gender, primary diagnosis, topographical distribution of CP, and baseline imaging findings are reported as percentages with the total number (n) reported in the header of each column. Pearson’s χ2 test was used to estimate statistical significance for gender. Fisher’s exact test was used to estimate statistical significance for primary diagnosis and topographical distribution.
CP, cerebral palsy; HIE, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; HSP, hereditary spastic paraparesis; ITB, intrathecal baclofen; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; N/A, not applicable; NBIA, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation; PVL, periventricular leukomalacia; SCI, spinal cord injury; TBI, traumatic brain injury; TORCH, toxoplasmosis, other ggents, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex.