Comparison of adverse reactions
| Adverse reactions | Group C (n=30) | Group L (n=30) | Group N (n=30) |
| Drowsiness | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 9* (30) |
| Bradycardia | 0 (0) | 1 (3.3) | 2 (6.7) |
| Hypotension | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.3) |
| Respiratory depression | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Data are shown as n (%).
*Postoperative drowsiness in the nalbuphine group compared with those in the control and lidocaine groups (p=0.000).
Group C, control group; group L, lidocaine group; group N, nalbuphine group.